Культурная эволюция Homo sapiens. История изобретений: от освоения огня до открытия электричества - Рашид Шафигулин Страница 2

transformations? The author expresses his hypotheses about why the jewelry served ancient people. He sees jewelry primarily as amulets, which, according to the ancestors, were supposed to protect them from evil spirits (diseases), and also tries to solve the biggest mystery that many scientists are struggling with — why Neanderthals, and then Sapiens, used bird claws, animal teeth and shells for jewelry.

Hair loss is another of the not fully solved secrets of our ancestors. The author does not consider all the hypotheses that exist in this regard. The author himself considers in detail only one hypothesis closest to him, information, as well as excerpts from various scientific articles give food for thought why a person lost his fur. Having got rid of the hair cover, a person simultaneously got rid of harmful insects — lice and fleas, which caused significant harm to his health.

But after parting with them, the hairless man faced a new problem — flying blood-sucking insects and was forced to seek protection from them. Ochre (iron hydroxides) became the salvation. Even in the Middle Paleolithic, the Presapienses and Neanderthals began to use it quite widely. Ochre was mined in mines many kilometers away from housing, but such difficulties did not frighten the ancestors, the result was more important. The resulting ochre powder was smeared on the body. However, even today the opinions of scientists about the use of ochre differ. The book examines all hypotheses and focuses on the most probable, from the author’s point of view, the reason for the use of ochre in antiquity.

Historical and archaeological evidence shows that tattooing has been practiced since the depths of centuries, since the Upper Paleolithic period, and we still see echoes of this phenomenon today. Why did people put tattoos on their bodies? The author has his own opinion on this issue.

What were the combs and mirrors found in numerous excavations used for? Was their appearance caused by the desire of their ancestors for beauty or by social necessity? Or maybe they served the observance of the simplest hygiene? The reader learns the author’s position from the book.

How did a person learn to melt metals and what prompted him to do this?

The book tells about the history of their production and use, as well as about why humanity switched to completely new smelting technologies and mastered metals such as copper, bronze, iron.

But the Bronze Age ended in a real disaster for many countries. At the end of it there is the collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite kingdom in Anatolia, Syria, Egypt is falling into decline. The collapse of culture throughout the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean is accompanied by a political and economic collapse, in which, in parallel with the decline of some civilizations, new civilizations and new ideologies were born. Scientists cannot come to a general conclusion about the causes of the «Bronze Age catastrophe».

It was at the same time (XIII century BC) that the transition of mankind from polytheism to monotheism took place. Why is the change in the religious views of our ancestors associated with the crisis period?

Glass producing has opened up new opportunities for humans. Of course, it all started with the simplest glass products. But with the development of physics and optics, it turned out that glass allows you to make unheard-of discoveries. Thanks to glass, new specific optical devices have appeared, designed for various physical and physico-chemical studies, spectral analyses. All astronomical discoveries are made with the help of a telescope. Without glass, we would not be able to enter the space age. But we are interested in when and why Sapiens began to get the first semblance of glass from sand. The book will tell you about this too. And after a person went from simple glass blowing to the production of vacuum flasks and connected it with electricity (another scientific breakthrough), humanity received the first lighting lamps, rapidly broke into the age of computer science and the atomic era.

The book will interest not only readers, but also scientists and specialists.

Contents

1. Fire

Neanderthals and fire

Culinary hypothesis

Taming the Fire

The price and importance of fire

Vegetable food and self-medication

Against microorganisms

2. Ceramics

Archaeological excavations of ceramics.

Microorganisms and ceramics. Possible causes of ceramics

Genes and ceramics

3. Funeral activities

Death in the animal world

Primates (modern times)

Homo heidelbergensis

Middle Paleolithic. Early homo sapiens

Late homo sapiens

Neanderthals

Disputes about the premeditation of burials

Chronology of Neanderthal burials

Homo sapiens in the Upper (Late) Paleolithic (37,000–21,000 BC)

Madeleine culture

Natufian culture

Neolithic

The Copper — Stone Age circa 2500–1900 BC.

4. Cremation

Middle Paleolithic

Upper Paleolithic

Mesolithic

Neolithic

The Copper-Stone Age (Eneolithic) and the Bronze Age

Iron Age

Zoroastrianism

Antiquity

Middle Ages

China, Korea, Japan

Cremation in India

Conclusion

5. Jewelry

History and archaeology

Decoration in the animal world

Sexual selection, social status and pathogens

What are the decorations for. Hypotheses

6. Hair loss

Hypotheses

Parasites

Control of parasites in animals

7. Combs

8. Security

History and archaeology

What is ochre for? Hypotheses

Or maybe pathogens?

Is beauty the result of social necessity or protection from parasites?

9. Tattoos

Copper and Bronze Age

The Iron Age.

Are tattoos initiation, social status, magic or ancient medicine?

Tattooing and Medicine

10. Progressive inventions. Metallurgy. The era of early metal. Eneolithic.

Metal discovery hypothesis

Chronology of the appearance of copper objects.

Why metal?

The Copper — Stone Age in Asia

11. Bronze

Early Bronze Age.

Middle Bronze Age

Late Bronze Age

Bronze in East Asia.

12. Bronze bells.

13. Metallurgy. Iron

The Iron Age in Asia

Why iron?

14. Progressive inventions. Mirror and Glass

Mirror

History of the mirror

Antiquity

Glass

Beads and small amulets made of glass.

15. The invention of electricity

The history of electricity and magnetism.

Telephone, lamp, TV.

Afterword

* * *

В память о брате, о гениальном безумце.

Когда много лет назад на Земле появился хомо сапиенс, окружающий мир был не слишком доброжелателен к нему — то и